1981 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

若 x+2=2\sqrt{x+2}=2,则 (x+2)2(x+2)^2 等于
If x+2=2,\sqrt{x+2}=2, then (x+2)2(x+2)^2 equals
2\sqrt2
22
44
88
1616
知识点:根式换元法
小提示:
已知等式已经给出了 x+2x+2 的值
The equation already gives the value of x+2x+2
大提示:
将这个已知的值再平方一次
Square the known value once more
解答:
由 x+2=2\sqrt{x+2}=2 可得 x+2=4x+2=4。因此 (x+2)2=42=16(x+2)^2=4^2=16。
所以正确答案是 E。
From x+2=2,\sqrt{x+2}=2, we get x+2=4.x+2=4. Therefore (x+2)2=42=16.(x+2)^2=4^2=16.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.

2.

点 EE 位于边 ABAB 上,这条边属于正方形 ABCDABCD。若 EBEB 的长度为一,ECEC 的长度为二,则该正方形的面积为
Point EE is on side ABAB of square ABCD.ABCD. If EBEB has length one and ECEC has length two, then the area of the square is
3\sqrt3
5\sqrt5
33
232\sqrt3
55
难度评级:1160
小提示:
三角形 EBCEBC 是直角三角形
Triangle EBCEBC is a right triangle
大提示:
未知的直角边 BCBC 也是正方形的边长
The unknown leg BCBC is also the side length of the square
解答:
设正方形的边长为 ss。在直角三角形 EBCEBC 中,s2+12=22。 s^2+1^2=2^2\text{。}因此 s2=3s^2=3,这恰好就是正方形的面积。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let the square’s side length be s.s. In right triangle EBC,EBC, s2+12=22. s^2+1^2=2^2. Hence s2=3,s^2=3, which is exactly the area of the square.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

3.

当 x≠0x\ne0 时,1x+12x+13x\frac1x+\frac1{2x}+\frac1{3x} 等于
For x≠0,x\ne0, 1x+12x+13x\frac1x+\frac1{2x}+\frac1{3x} equals
12x\frac1{2x}
16x\frac1{6x}
56x\frac5{6x}
116x\frac{11}{6x}
16x3\frac1{6x^3}
知识点:分数代数变形
难度评级:920
小提示:
以 6x6x 为公分母
Use 6x6x as a common denominator
大提示:
把所得的分子 66、33 和 22 相加
Add the resulting numerators 6,6, 3,3, and 22
解答:
通分到公分母 6x6x,得到 1x+12x+13x=66x+36x+26x=116x。 \begin{aligned} \frac1x+\frac1{2x}+\frac1{3x} &=\frac6{6x}+\frac3{6x}\\ &\quad+\frac2{6x}\\ &=\frac{11}{6x} \end{aligned}\text{。}
所以正确答案是 D。
Using the common denominator 6x6x gives 1x+12x+13x=66x+36x+26x=116x. \begin{aligned} \frac1x+\frac1{2x}+\frac1{3x} &=\frac6{6x}+\frac3{6x}\\ &\quad+\frac2{6x}\\ &=\frac{11}{6x}. \end{aligned}
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

4.

若两个数中较大数的三倍等于较小数的四倍,且两数之差为 88,则较大数为
If three times the larger of two numbers is four times the smaller and the difference between the numbers is 8,8, then the larger of the two numbers is
1616
2424
3232
4444
5252
难度评级:980
小提示:
用 LL 和 SS 分别表示较大数和较小数
Let LL and SS denote the larger and smaller numbers
大提示:
联立 3L=4S3L=4S 与 L−S=8L-S=8
Use 3L=4S3L=4S together with L−S=8L-S=8
解答:
关系式 3L=4S3L=4S 给出 S=3L4S=\frac{3L}{4}。因此 L−S=L−3L4=L4=8, L-S=L-\frac{3L}{4}=\frac L4=8\text{,}所以 L=32L=32。
所以正确答案是 C。
The relation 3L=4S3L=4S gives S=3L4.S=\frac{3L}{4}. Thus L−S=L−3L4=L4=8, L-S=L-\frac{3L}{4}=\frac L4=8, so L=32.L=32.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

5.

在梯形 ABCDABCD 中,边 ABAB 与 CDCD 平行,对角线 BDBD 与边 ADAD 等长。若 ∠DCB=110∘\angle DCB=110^\circ,且 ∠CBD=30∘\angle CBD=30^\circ,则 ∠ADB=\angle ADB=
In trapezoid ABCD,ABCD, sides ABAB and CDCD are parallel, and diagonal BDBD and side ADAD have equal length. If ∠DCB=110∘\angle DCB=110^\circ and ∠CBD=30∘,\angle CBD=30^\circ, then ∠ADB=\angle ADB=
80∘80^\circ
90∘90^\circ
100∘100^\circ
110∘110^\circ
120∘120^\circ
难度评级:1360
小提示:
利用两底边平行,求出顶点 BB 处的整个内角
Use the parallel bases to find the full interior angle at BB
大提示:
然后利用 AD=BDAD=BD,考察三角形 ABDABD
Then use AD=BDAD=BD in triangle ABDABD
解答:
由于 AB∥CDAB\parallel CD,同旁内角互补,所以 ∠ABC=180∘−110∘=70∘\angle ABC=180^\circ-110^\circ=70^\circ。因此 ∠ABD=70∘−30∘=40∘\angle ABD=70^\circ-30^\circ=40^\circ。又因 AD=BDAD=BD,三角形 ABDABD 中 ∠DAB=∠ABD=40∘\angle DAB=\angle ABD=40^\circ。所以 ∠ADB=180∘−40∘−40∘=100∘。 \begin{aligned} \angle ADB &=180^\circ-40^\circ-40^\circ\\ &=100^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}
所以正确答案是 C。
Since AB∥CD,AB\parallel CD, consecutive interior angles give ∠ABC=180∘−110∘=70∘.\angle ABC=180^\circ-110^\circ=70^\circ. Hence ∠ABD=70∘−30∘=40∘.\angle ABD=70^\circ-30^\circ=40^\circ. Because AD=BD,AD=BD, triangle ABDABD has ∠DAB=∠ABD=40∘.\angle DAB=\angle ABD=40^\circ. Therefore ∠ADB=180∘−40∘−40∘=100∘. \begin{aligned} \angle ADB &=180^\circ-40^\circ-40^\circ\\ &=100^\circ. \end{aligned}
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

6.

若 xx−1=y2+2y−1y2+2y−2\frac{x}{x-1}=\frac{y^2+2y-1}{y^2+2y-2},则 xx 等于
If xx−1=y2+2y−1y2+2y−2,\frac{x}{x-1}=\frac{y^2+2y-1}{y^2+2y-2}, then xx equals
y2+2y−1y^2+2y-1
y2+2y−2y^2+2y-2
y2+2y+2y^2+2y+2
y2+2y+1y^2+2y+1
−y2−2y+1-y^2-2y+1
难度评级:1210
小提示:
注意每个分母都比分子小一
Notice that each denominator is one less than its numerator
大提示:
令 A=y2+2y−1A=y^2+2y-1,比较 xx−1\frac{x}{x-1} 与 AA−1\frac A{A-1}
Set A=y2+2y−1A=y^2+2y-1 and compare xx−1\frac{x}{x-1} with AA−1\frac A{A-1}
解答:
令 A=y2+2y−1A=y^2+2y-1。原方程变为 xx−1=AA−1\frac{x}{x-1}=\frac{A}{A-1}。交叉相乘得 xA−x=Ax−AxA-x=Ax-A,所以 x=A=y2+2y−1x=A=y^2+2y-1。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let A=y2+2y−1.A=y^2+2y-1. The equation becomes xx−1=AA−1.\frac{x}{x-1}=\frac{A}{A-1}. Cross-multiplication gives xA−x=Ax−A,xA-x=Ax-A, so x=A=y2+2y−1.x=A=y^2+2y-1.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.

7.

前一百个正整数中,有多少个能同时被 22、33、44、55 整除?
How many of the first one hundred positive integers are divisible by all of the numbers 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5?5?
00
11
22
33
44
难度评级:980
小提示:
求 22、33、44 和 55 的最小公倍数
Find the least common multiple of 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 55
大提示:
数出不超过 100100 的该最小公倍数的倍数
Count the multiples of that least common multiple through 100100
解答:
最小公倍数是 lcm⁡(2,3,4,5)=60\operatorname{lcm}(2,3,4,5)=60。在不超过 100100 的正整数中,只有 6060 是 6060 的倍数。因此个数为 11。
所以正确答案是 B。
The least common multiple is lcm⁡(2,3,4,5)=60.\operatorname{lcm}(2,3,4,5)=60. Among the positive integers through 100,100, only 6060 is a multiple of 60.60. Thus the count is 1.1.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.

8.

对所有正数 xx、yy、zz,乘积 (x+y+z)−1⋅(x−1+y−1+z−1)⋅(xy+yz+zx)−1⋅((xy)−1+(yz)−1+(zx)−1) \begin{aligned} &(x+y+z)^{-1}\\ &\quad\cdot(x^{-1}+y^{-1}+z^{-1})\\ &\quad\cdot(xy+yz+zx)^{-1}\\ &\quad\cdot\big((xy)^{-1}+(yz)^{-1}+(zx)^{-1}\big) \end{aligned} 等于
For all positive numbers x,x, y,y, z,z, the product (x+y+z)−1⋅(x−1+y−1+z−1)⋅(xy+yz+zx)−1⋅((xy)−1+(yz)−1+(zx)−1) \begin{aligned} &(x+y+z)^{-1}\\ &\quad\cdot(x^{-1}+y^{-1}+z^{-1})\\ &\quad\cdot(xy+yz+zx)^{-1}\\ &\quad\cdot\big((xy)^{-1}+(yz)^{-1}+(zx)^{-1}\big) \end{aligned} equals
x−2y−2z−2x^{-2}y^{-2}z^{-2}
x−2+y−2+z−2x^{-2}+y^{-2}+z^{-2}
(x+y+z)−1(x+y+z)^{-1}
1xyz\frac1{xyz}
1xy+yz+zx\frac1{xy+yz+zx}
知识点:代数变形分数
难度评级:1630
小提示:
把每个倒数之和通分
Rewrite each sum of reciprocals over a common denominator
大提示:
两个倒数之和分别会产生因子 xy+yz+zxxy+yz+zx 和 x+y+zx+y+z
The two reciprocal sums introduce factors xy+yz+zxxy+yz+zx and x+y+zx+y+z
解答:
有 x−1+y−1+z−1=xy+yz+zxxyz x^{-1}+y^{-1}+z^{-1}=\frac{xy+yz+zx}{xyz} 以及 (xy)−1+(yz)−1+(zx)−1=x+y+zxyz。 \begin{aligned} &(xy)^{-1}+(yz)^{-1}\\ &\quad+(zx)^{-1} =\frac{x+y+z}{xyz} \end{aligned}\text{。}所有对称和因子约去后,剩下 1x2y2z2=x−2y−2z−2\frac{1}{x^2y^2z^2}=x^{-2}y^{-2}z^{-2}。
所以正确答案是 A。
We have x−1+y−1+z−1=xy+yz+zxxyz x^{-1}+y^{-1}+z^{-1}=\frac{xy+yz+zx}{xyz} and (xy)−1+(yz)−1+(zx)−1=x+y+zxyz. \begin{aligned} &(xy)^{-1}+(yz)^{-1}\\ &\quad+(zx)^{-1} =\frac{x+y+z}{xyz}. \end{aligned} All symmetric sum factors cancel, leaving 1x2y2z2=x−2y−2z−2.\frac{1}{x^2y^2z^2}=x^{-2}y^{-2}z^{-2}.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.

9.

在附图中,PQPQ 是立方体的一条对角线。若 PQPQ 的长度为 aa,则立方体的表面积为
In the adjoining figure, PQPQ is a diagonal of the cube. If PQPQ has length a,a, then the surface area of the cube is
2a22a^2
22a22\sqrt2a^2
23a22\sqrt3a^2
33a23\sqrt3a^2
6a26a^2
难度评级:1280
小提示:
把立方体的空间对角线与边长联系起来
Relate the cube’s space diagonal to its side length
大提示:
将边长代入六个正方形面的面积公式
Substitute the side length into the formula for six square faces
解答:
若边长为 ss,则空间对角线满足 s3=as\sqrt3=a,所以 s2=a23s^2=\frac{a^2}{3}。表面积为 6s2=6(a23)=2a26s^2=6(\frac{a^2}{3})=2a^2。
所以正确答案是 A。
If the side length is s,s, then the space diagonal is s3=a,s\sqrt3=a, so s2=a23.s^2=\frac{a^2}{3}. The surface area is 6s2=6(a23)=2a2.6s^2=6(\frac{a^2}{3})=2a^2.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.

10.

直线 LL 与 KK 关于直线 y=xy=x 对称。若直线 LL 的方程为 y=ax+by=ax+b,其中 a≠0a\ne0 且 b≠0b\ne0,则 KK 的方程为 y=y=
The lines LL and KK are symmetric to each other with respect to the line y=x.y=x. If the equation of line LL is y=ax+by=ax+b with a≠0a\ne0 and b≠0,b\ne0, then the equation of KK is y=y=
1ax+b\frac1a x+b
−1ax+b-\frac1a x+b
−1ax−ba-\frac1a x-\frac ba
1ax+ba\frac1a x+\frac ba
1ax−ba\frac1a x-\frac ba
难度评级:1300
小提示:
关于 y=xy=x 的对称会交换两个坐标
Reflection across y=xy=x interchanges the two coordinates
大提示:
在原方程中交换 xx 与 yy,再解出 yy
Swap xx and yy in the original equation, then solve for yy
解答:
将 xx 与 yy 互换,原式 y=ax+by=ax+b 变为 x=ay+bx=ay+b。解得 y=x−ba=1ax−ba。 y=\frac{x-b}{a}=\frac1a x-\frac ba\text{。}
所以正确答案是 E。
Interchanging xx and yy in y=ax+by=ax+b gives x=ay+b.x=ay+b. Solving, y=x−ba=1ax−ba. y=\frac{x-b}{a}=\frac1a x-\frac ba.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.

11.

一个直角三角形的三条边长均为整数,并且组成等差数列。其中一条边的长度可能为
The three sides of a right triangle have integral lengths which form an arithmetic progression. One of the sides could have length
2222
5858
8181
9191
361361
难度评级:1360
小提示:
将三条等间距的边表示为 s−ds-d、ss、s+ds+d
Represent the three equally spaced sides as s−d,s-d, s,s, s+ds+d
大提示:
每个这样的整数边直角三角形都是 33-44-55 三角形的整数倍
Every such integral right triangle is a multiple of a 33-44-55 triangle
解答:
若三边为 s−ds-d、ss、s+ds+d,则勾股定理给出 (s−d)2+s2=(s+d)2(s-d)^2+s^2=(s+d)^2,从而有 s=4ks=4k 且 d=kd=k,其中 kk 为正整数。因此三边为 3k3k、4k4k、5k5k。在选项中,81=3⋅2781=3\cdot27 可以作为一条边。
所以正确答案是 C。
If the sides are s−d,s-d, s,s, s+d,s+d, the Pythagorean equation gives (s−d)2+s2=(s+d)2,(s-d)^2+s^2=(s+d)^2, hence s=4ks=4k and d=kd=k for some positive integer k.k. Thus the sides are 3k,3k, 4k,4k, 5k.5k. Of the choices, 81=3⋅2781=3\cdot27 can occur.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

12.

若 pp、qq、MM 均为正数,且 q<100q\lt100,先将 MM 增加 p%p\%,再将所得结果减少 q%q\%。最终结果大于 MM 的充要条件是
If p,p, q,q, and MM are positive numbers and q<100,q\lt100, then the number obtained by increasing MM by p%p\% and decreasing the result by q%q\% exceeds MM if and only if
p>qp\gt q
p>q100−qp\gt\frac q{100-q}
p>q1−qp\gt\frac q{1-q}
p>100q100+qp\gt\frac{100q}{100+q}
p>100q100−qp\gt\frac{100q}{100-q}
难度评级:1450
小提示:
把连续两次百分比变化分别写成乘法因子
Write the two successive percentage changes as multiplication factors
大提示:
利用 q<100q\lt100,再除以 100−q100-q
Use q<100q\lt100 when dividing by 100−q100-q
解答:
最终数额为 M(1+p100)(1−q100)。 M\left(1+\frac p{100}\right) \left(1-\frac q{100}\right)\text{。}它大于 MM 当且仅当 (100+p)(100−q)>10000(100+p)(100-q)\gt10000。展开后得到 p(100−q)>100qp(100-q)\gt100q。由于 100−q>0100-q\gt0,这等价于 p>100q100−qp\gt\frac{100q}{100-q}。
所以正确答案是 E。
The final amount is M(1+p100)(1−q100). M\left(1+\frac p{100}\right) \left(1-\frac q{100}\right). It exceeds MM exactly when (100+p)(100−q)>10000.(100+p)(100-q)\gt10000. Expanding gives p(100−q)>100q.p(100-q)\gt100q. Since 100−q>0,100-q\gt0, this is p>100q100−q.p\gt\frac{100q}{100-q}.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.

13.

假设在每年年末,一个货币单位相较该年年初会损失其价值的 10%10\%。求最小的整数 nn,使得经过 nn 年后,这个货币单位至少损失其价值的 90%90\%。(四舍五入到小数点后三位,log⁡103\log_{10}3 为 0.4770.477。)
Suppose that at the end of any year, a unit of money has lost 10%10\% of the value it had at the beginning of that year. Find the smallest integer nn such that after nn years the unit of money will have lost at least 90%90\% of its value. (To the nearest thousandth log⁡103\log_{10}3 is 0.477.0.477.)
1414
1616
1818
2020
2222
难度评级:1660
小提示:
经过 nn 年后,剩余价值所占的比例为 0.9n0.9^n
After nn years, the fraction of value remaining is 0.9n0.9^n
大提示:
利用 log⁡100.9=2log⁡103−1\log_{10}0.9=2\log_{10}3-1
Use log⁡100.9=2log⁡103−1\log_{10}0.9=2\log_{10}3-1
解答:
至少损失 90%90\% 意味着 0.9n≤0.10.9^n\le0.1。现在 log⁡100.9=log⁡109−1=2(0.477)−1=−0.046。 \begin{aligned} \log_{10}0.9 &=\log_{10}9-1\\ &=2(0.477)-1\\ &=-0.046 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 n(−0.046)≤−1n(-0.046)\le-1,所以 n≥21.739…n\ge21.739\ldots。最小的整数是 2222。
所以正确答案是 E。
At least 90%90\% lost means 0.9n≤0.1.0.9^n\le0.1. Now log⁡100.9=log⁡109−1=2(0.477)−1=−0.046. \begin{aligned} \log_{10}0.9 &=\log_{10}9-1\\ &=2(0.477)-1\\ &=-0.046. \end{aligned} Thus n(−0.046)≤−1,n(-0.046)\le-1, so n≥21.739….n\ge21.739\ldots. The least integer is 22.22.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.

14.

一个实数等比数列的前两项之和为 77,前六项之和为 9191。它的前四项之和为
In a geometric sequence of real numbers, the sum of the first two terms is 7,7, and the sum of the first six terms is 91.91. The sum of the first four terms is
2828
3232
3535
4949
8484
难度评级:1730
小提示:
把前六项之和分解成前两项之和与 1+r2+r41+r^2+r^4 的乘积
Factor the first-six-term sum into the first-two-term sum times 1+r2+r41+r^2+r^4
大提示:
令 t=r2t=r^2,解方程 1+t+t2=131+t+t^2=13
Set t=r2t=r^2 and solve 1+t+t2=131+t+t^2=13
解答:
若首项为 aa,公比为 rr,则 91=a(1+r)(1+r2+r4)。 91=a(1+r)(1+r^2+r^4)\text{。}由于 a(1+r)=7a(1+r)=7,可得 1+r2+r4=131+r^2+r^4=13。令 t=r2≥0t=r^2\ge0,则 t2+t−12=0t^2+t-12=0,所以 t=3t=3。前四项之和为 a(1+r)(1+r2)=7(4)=28a(1+r)(1+r^2)=7(4)=28。
所以正确答案是 A。
If the first term is aa and ratio is r,r, then 91=a(1+r)(1+r2+r4). 91=a(1+r)(1+r^2+r^4). Since a(1+r)=7,a(1+r)=7, we have 1+r2+r4=13.1+r^2+r^4=13. With t=r2≥0,t=r^2\ge0, t2+t−12=0,t^2+t-12=0, so t=3.t=3. The first four terms sum to a(1+r)(1+r2)=7(4)=28.a(1+r)(1+r^2)=7(4)=28.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.

15.

若 b>1b\gt1、x>0x\gt0,且 (2x)log⁡b2−(3x)log⁡b3=0(2x)^{\log_b2}-(3x)^{\log_b3}=0,则 xx 为
If b>1,b\gt1, x>0,x\gt0, and (2x)log⁡b2−(3x)log⁡b3=0,(2x)^{\log_b2}-(3x)^{\log_b3}=0, then xx is
1216\frac1{216}
16\frac16
11
66
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
难度评级:1860
小提示:
对两个相等的正数幂取以 bb 为底的对数
Take logarithms to base bb of the two equal positive powers
大提示:
令 A=log⁡b2A=\log_b2、B=log⁡b3B=\log_b3、u=log⁡bxu=\log_bx
Let A=log⁡b2,A=\log_b2, B=log⁡b3,B=\log_b3, and u=log⁡bxu=\log_bx
解答:
令 A=log⁡b2A=\log_b2、B=log⁡b3B=\log_b3、u=log⁡bxu=\log_bx。对等式两边取以 bb 为底的对数,得到 A(A+u)=B(B+u)A(A+u)=B(B+u)。由于 A≠BA\ne B,A+B+u=0。 A+B+u=0\text{。}因此 u=−log⁡b6=log⁡b(16)u=-\log_b6=\log_b(\frac{1}{6}),所以 x=16x=\frac{1}{6}。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let A=log⁡b2,A=\log_b2, B=log⁡b3,B=\log_b3, and u=log⁡bx.u=\log_bx. Taking base-bb logarithms gives A(A+u)=B(B+u).A(A+u)=B(B+u). Since A≠B,A\ne B, A+B+u=0. A+B+u=0. Therefore u=−log⁡b6=log⁡b(16),u=-\log_b6=\log_b(\frac{1}{6}), so x=16.x=\frac{1}{6}.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.

16.

数 xx 的三进制表示为 12112211122211112222。 12112211122211112222\text{。}则 xx 的九进制表示中最左边的一位数字是
The base three representation of xx is 12112211122211112222. 12112211122211112222. The first digit (on the left) of the base nine representation of xx is
11
22
33
44
55
知识点:进制数字
难度评级:1450
小提示:
由于 9=329=3^2,从右边开始把三进制数字每两位分成一组
Since 9=32,9=3^2, group the base-three digits in pairs from the right
大提示:
把最左边的一组 12312_3 转换成一位九进制数字
Convert the leftmost pair 12312_3 into a base-nine digit
解答:
这个三进制表示有偶数位,因此九进制表示中最左边的一位来自 12312_3。这一组的值为 1⋅3+2=51\cdot3+2=5,所以九进制表示的首位是 55。
所以正确答案是 E。
The representation has an even number of base-three digits, so its leftmost base-nine digit comes from 123.12_3. That pair has value 1⋅3+2=5,1\cdot3+2=5, so the first base-nine digit is 5.5.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

函数 ff 在 x=0x=0 时没有定义,但对所有非零实数 xx,都有 f(x)+2f(1x)=3x。 f(x)+2f\left(\frac1x\right)=3x\text{。}满足方程 f(x)=f(−x)f(x)=f(-x) 的实数有
The function ff is not defined for x=0,x=0, but, for all nonzero real numbers x,x, f(x)+2f(1x)=3x. f(x)+2f\left(\frac1x\right)=3x. The equation f(x)=f(−x)f(x)=f(-x) is satisfied by
恰好一个
exactly one real number
恰好两个
exactly two real numbers
一个也没有
no real numbers
无穷多个,但并非所有非零实数
infinitely many, but not all, nonzero real numbers
所有非零实数
all nonzero real numbers
难度评级:1940
小提示:
把 xx 替换为 1x\frac{1}{x},再次应用已知关系式
Apply the given relation again after replacing xx by 1x\frac{1}{x}
大提示:
由两个方程解出 f(x)f(x),再比较它在 xx 与 −x-x 处的值
Solve the two equations for f(x)f(x), then compare its values at xx and −x-x
解答:
把 xx 替换为 1x\frac{1}{x},得到 f(1x)+2f(x)=3xf(\frac{1}{x})+2f(x)=\frac{3}{x}。解这两个线性方程,得到 f(x)=2x−x。 f(x)=\frac2x-x\text{。}因此 f(−x)=−f(x)f(-x)=-f(x),要使两者相等,必须有 f(x)=0f(x)=0。于是 2x−x=0\frac{2}{x}-x=0,即 x2=2x^2=2。x=2x=\sqrt2 与 x=−2x=-\sqrt2 都满足条件,所以恰有两个实数解。
所以正确答案是 B。
Replacing xx by 1x\frac{1}{x} gives f(1x)+2f(x)=3x.f(\frac{1}{x})+2f(x)=\frac{3}{x}. Solving the two linear equations yields f(x)=2x−x. f(x)=\frac2x-x. Hence f(−x)=−f(x),f(-x)=-f(x), so equality requires f(x)=0.f(x)=0. Thus 2x−x=0,\frac{2}{x}-x=0, or x2=2.x^2=2. Both x=2x=\sqrt2 and x=−2x=-\sqrt2 work, giving exactly two real numbers.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.

18.

方程 x100=sin⁡x \frac{x}{100}=\sin x 的实数解的个数为
The number of real solutions to the equation x100=sin⁡x \frac{x}{100}=\sin x is
6161
6262
6363
6464
6565
难度评级:2130
小提示:
利用奇对称性,先数出正数解
Use odd symmetry and first count the positive solutions
大提示:
只有位于 x=100x=100 之前的正弦函数正半波可能与直线相交,其中第一个正半波要单独考虑
Only positive sine humps below x=100x=100 can meet the line, with special care for the first hump
解答:
该方程关于原点对称,并有解 x=0x=0。在 (0,π)(0,\pi) 内还有一个正数解。对每个 k=1,2,…,15k=1,2,\ldots,15,区间 (2kπ,(2k+1)π)(2k\pi,(2k+1)\pi) 上的正半波先升到直线 x100\frac{x}{100} 上方,再降到其下方,因而产生两个解。在 31π31\pi 之后没有正数解,因为下一个正半波开始时已经超过 100100,而 ∣sin⁡x∣≤1|\sin x|\le1。所以正数解有 1+2(15)=311+2(15)=31 个,负数解同样多,再加上零本身,共有 31+31+1=6331+31+1=63 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
The equation is odd-symmetric and has the solution x=0.x=0. On (0,π)(0,\pi) there is one further positive solution. For each k=1,2,…,15,k=1,2,\ldots,15, the positive sine hump on (2kπ,(2k+1)π)(2k\pi,(2k+1)\pi) rises above x100\frac{x}{100} and then falls below it, giving two solutions. There are no positive solutions beyond 31π31\pi, because the next positive hump begins above 100100 while ∣sin⁡x∣≤1.|\sin x|\le1. Thus there are 1+2(15)=311+2(15)=31 positive solutions, the same number negative, and zero itself: 31+31+1=63.31+31+1=63.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

19.

在 △ABC\triangle ABC 中,MM 是边 BCBC 的中点,ANAN 平分 ∠BAC\angle BAC,BN⊥ANBN\perp AN,θ\theta 是 ∠BAC\angle BAC 的度数。若边 ABAB 和 ACAC 的长度分别为 1414 和 1919,则 MNMN 的长度等于
In △ABC,\triangle ABC, MM is the midpoint of side BC,BC, ANAN bisects ∠BAC,\angle BAC, BN⊥AN,BN\perp AN, and θ\theta is the measure of ∠BAC.\angle BAC. If sides ABAB and ACAC have lengths 1414 and 19,19, respectively, then length MNMN equals
22
52\frac52
52−sin⁡θ\frac52-\sin\theta
52−12sin⁡θ\frac52-\frac12\sin\theta
52−12sin⁡(θ2)\frac52-\frac12\sin\left(\frac\theta2\right)
难度评级:1860
小提示:
延长 BNBN 过 NN,使它与 ACAC 相交
Extend BNBN through NN to meet ACAC
大提示:
利用角平分线两侧的全等关系,再应用中位线定理
Use congruence across the angle bisector, then apply the midpoint theorem
解答:
延长 BNBN,与 ACAC 相交于 EE。直角三角形 ABNABN 与 AENAEN 全等,因为它们共有 ANAN,且该线平分顶点 AA 处的角。因此 BEBE 被 NN 平分,且 AE=AB=14AE=AB=14。由于 AC=19AC=19,所以 EC=5EC=5。在三角形 BECBEC 中,点 NN 和 MM 分别是 BEBE 和 BCBC 的中点,因此 MN=EC2=52MN=\frac{EC}{2}=\frac{5}{2}。
所以正确答案是 B。
Extend BNBN to meet ACAC at E.E. The right triangles ABNABN and AENAEN are congruent because ANAN is common and bisects the angle at A.A. Hence BEBE is bisected by NN and AE=AB=14.AE=AB=14. Since AC=19,AC=19, EC=5.EC=5. In triangle BEC,BEC, points NN and MM are the midpoints of BEBE and BC,BC, so MN=EC2=52.MN=\frac{EC}{2}=\frac{5}{2}.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.

20.

一束光从点 AA 出发,在同一平面内传播并反射 nn 次,这些反射发生在直线 ADAD 与 CDCD 之间;随后它垂直射到点 BB(该点可以在 ADAD 或 CDCD 上),再沿原路返回 AA。(如附图所示,光线在每个反射点形成两个相等的角。图中画出的是 n=3n=3 时的光路。)若 ∠CDA=8∘\angle CDA=8^\circ,则 nn 的最大可能值是多少?
A ray of light originates from point AA and travels in a plane, being reflected nn times between lines ADAD and CD,CD, before striking a point BB (which may be on ADAD or CDCD) perpendicularly and retracing its path to A.A. (At each point of reflection the light makes two equal angles as indicated in the adjoining figure. The figure shows the light path for n=3.n=3.) If ∠CDA=8∘,\angle CDA=8^\circ, what is the largest value nn can have?
66
1010
3838
9898
不存在最大值。
There is no largest value.
难度评级:1950
小提示:
追踪光线与每一条连续反射直线之间的锐角
Track the acute angle between the ray and each successive reflecting line
大提示:
每次反射都会使该角增加楔形角 8∘8^\circ
Each reflection advances that angle by the wedge angle 8∘8^\circ
解答:
设 θ>0\theta\gt0 为光线起初与 ADAD 之间的锐角。连续的外角关系表明,每次反射都会使相应的锐角增加 8∘8^\circ。最后垂直射到边界时,90∘=θ+(8n+8)∘。 90^\circ=\theta+(8n+8)^\circ\text{。}因此 θ=82∘−8n∘>0\theta=82^\circ-8n^\circ\gt0,所以 n<828=10.25n\lt\frac{82}{8}=10.25。最大可能整数为 1010,此时 θ=2∘\theta=2^\circ。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let θ>0\theta\gt0 be the initial acute angle between the ray and AD.AD. Successive exterior-angle relations increase the corresponding acute angle by 8∘8^\circ at each reflection. At the final perpendicular strike, 90∘=θ+(8n+8)∘. 90^\circ=\theta+(8n+8)^\circ. Thus θ=82∘−8n∘>0,\theta=82^\circ-8n^\circ\gt0, so n<828=10.25.n\lt\frac{82}{8}=10.25. The greatest integer possible is 10,10, attained when θ=2∘.\theta=2^\circ.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.

21.

一个三角形的三边长为 aa、bb、cc,并满足 (a+b+c)(a+b−c)=3ab。 (a+b+c)(a+b-c)=3ab\text{。}则边长为 cc 的边所对角的度数为
In a triangle with sides of lengths a,a, b,b, and c,c, (a+b+c)(a+b−c)=3ab. (a+b+c)(a+b-c)=3ab. The measure of the angle opposite the side of length cc is
15∘15^\circ
30∘30^\circ
45∘45^\circ
60∘60^\circ
150∘150^\circ
难度评级:1450
小提示:
将左边展开为平方差
Expand the left side as a difference of squares
大提示:
把所得的 c2c^2 表达式与余弦定理比较
Compare the resulting expression for c2c^2 with the law of cosines
解答:
已知条件给出 (a+b)2−c2=3ab(a+b)^2-c^2=3ab,所以 c2=a2+b2−ab。 c^2=a^2+b^2-ab\text{。}若 θ\theta 是边 cc 所对的角,则余弦定理给出 c2=a2+b2−2abcos⁡θc^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos\theta。因此 2abcos⁡θ=ab2ab\cos\theta=ab,所以 cos⁡θ=12\cos\theta=\frac{1}{2},且 θ=60∘\theta=60^\circ。
所以正确答案是 D。
The condition gives (a+b)2−c2=3ab,(a+b)^2-c^2=3ab, so c2=a2+b2−ab. c^2=a^2+b^2-ab. If θ\theta is opposite c,c, the law of cosines says c2=a2+b2−2abcos⁡θ.c^2=a^2+b^2-2ab\cos\theta. Therefore 2abcos⁡θ=ab,2ab\cos\theta=ab, so cos⁡θ=12\cos\theta=\frac{1}{2} and θ=60∘.\theta=60^\circ.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

22.

在三维直角坐标系中,有多少条直线经过四个不同的形如 (i,j,k)(i,j,k) 的点,其中 ii、jj、kk 都是不超过四的正整数?
How many lines in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system pass through four distinct points of the form (i,j,k),(i,j,k), where i,i, j,j, and kk are positive integers not exceeding four?
6060
6464
7272
7676
100100
难度评级:2040
小提示:
在这个 44 乘 44 乘 44 网格中,四个共线格点的各坐标步长必须为 00 或 ±1\pm1
Four collinear lattice points in this 44-by-44-by-44 grid must advance by coordinate steps 00 or ±1\pm1
大提示:
分别数出平行于坐标轴的直线、面对角线和空间对角线
Count axis-parallel lines, face-diagonal lines, and space diagonals separately
解答:
平行于坐标轴的直线有 3⋅42=483\cdot4^2=48 条。对于沿面对角线的方向,先用 33 种方法选择两个变化的坐标,再选择 22 种对角线斜率之一,并用 44 种方法固定剩余坐标,共有 3⋅2⋅4=243\cdot2\cdot4=24 条。最后,立方体有 44 条空间对角线。因此总数为 48+24+4=7648+24+4=76。
所以正确答案是 D。
There are 3⋅42=483\cdot4^2=48 axis-parallel lines. For face-diagonal directions, choose the pair of varying coordinates in 33 ways, choose one of 22 diagonal slopes, and fix the remaining coordinate in 44 ways, giving 3⋅2⋅4=24.3\cdot2\cdot4=24. Finally, the cube has 44 space diagonals. Thus the total is 48+24+4=76.48+24+4=76.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

23.

等边 △ABC\triangle ABC 内接于一个圆。另一个圆在 TT 处与外接圆内切,并与边 ABAB 和 ACAC 分别相切于点 PP 和 QQ。若边 BCBC 的长度为 1212,则线段 PQPQ 的长度为
Equilateral △ABC\triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. A second circle is tangent internally to the circumcircle at TT and tangent to sides ABAB and ACAC at points PP and Q.Q. If side BCBC has length 12,12, then segment PQPQ has length
66
636\sqrt3
88
838\sqrt3
99
难度评级:1910
小提示:
利用对称性,将两个圆心和 TT 都置于从 AA 引出的高上
Use symmetry to place both circle centers and TT on the altitude from AA
大提示:
利用 30∘30^\circ 半角(其顶点为 AA),把小圆半径与外接圆半径联系起来
Relate the smaller circle’s radius to the circumradius using the 30∘30^\circ half-angle at AA
解答:
等边三角形的外接圆半径为 R=123=43R=\frac{12}{\sqrt3}=4\sqrt3。若小圆半径为 rr,其圆心在高上,离顶点的距离为 2r2r,这个顶点是 AA,因为圆心到任一边的距离为 rr,而半角为 30∘30^\circ。由下端的内切关系可得 2r=2R−r2r=2R-r,所以 r=2R3=833r=\frac{2R}{3}=\frac{8\sqrt3}{3}。两边上的切点之间的距离为 PQ=r3=8PQ=r\sqrt3=8。
所以正确答案是 C。
The circumradius of the equilateral triangle is R=123=43.R=\frac{12}{\sqrt3}=4\sqrt3. If the smaller radius is r,r, its center lies on the altitude and is 2r2r from A,A, because its distance to either side is rr and the half-angle is 30∘.30^\circ. Internal tangency at the bottom gives 2r=2R−r,2r=2R-r, so r=2R3=833.r=\frac{2R}{3}=\frac{8\sqrt3}{3}. The tangency points on the two sides are separated by PQ=r3=8.PQ=r\sqrt3=8.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

24.

若常数 θ\theta 满足 0<θ<π0\lt\theta\lt\pi,且 x+1x=2cos⁡θx+\frac1x=2\cos\theta,则对每个正整数 nn,xn+1xnx^n+\frac1{x^n} 等于
If θ\theta is a constant such that 0<θ<π0\lt\theta\lt\pi and x+1x=2cos⁡θ,x+\frac1x=2\cos\theta, then for each positive integer n,n, xn+1xnx^n+\frac1{x^n} equals
2cos⁡θ2\cos\theta
2ncos⁡θ2^n\cos\theta
2cos⁡nθ2\cos^n\theta
2cos⁡nθ2\cos n\theta
2ncos⁡nθ2^n\cos^n\theta
难度评级:1940
小提示:
将已知条件改写为关于 xx 的二次方程
Rewrite the condition as a quadratic equation in xx
大提示:
它的两个根为 cos⁡θ±isin⁡θ\cos\theta\pm i\sin\theta
Its two roots are cos⁡θ±isin⁡θ\cos\theta\pm i\sin\theta
解答:
方程为 x2−2xcos⁡θ+1=0x^2-2x\cos\theta+1=0,其根为 eiθe^{i\theta} 和 e−iθe^{-i\theta}。因此 x=e±iθx=e^{\pm i\theta},且 x−1=e∓iθx^{-1}=e^{\mp i\theta}。由棣莫弗定理,xn+x−n=einθ+e−inθ=2cos⁡nθ。 \begin{aligned} x^n+x^{-n} &=e^{in\theta}+e^{-in\theta}\\ &=2\cos n\theta \end{aligned}\text{。}
所以正确答案是 D。
The equation is x2−2xcos⁡θ+1=0,x^2-2x\cos\theta+1=0, whose roots are eiθe^{i\theta} and e−iθ.e^{-i\theta}. Thus x=e±iθx=e^{\pm i\theta} and x−1=e∓iθ.x^{-1}=e^{\mp i\theta}. By De Moivre’s theorem, xn+x−n=einθ+e−inθ=2cos⁡nθ. \begin{aligned} x^n+x^{-n} &=e^{in\theta}+e^{-in\theta}\\ &=2\cos n\theta. \end{aligned}
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

25.

在附图的三角形 ABCABC 中,ADAD 和 AEAE 将 ∠BAC\angle BAC 三等分。BDBD、DEDE、ECEC 的长度分别为 22、33、66。△ABC\triangle ABC 的最短边长度为
In triangle ABCABC in the adjoining figure, ADAD and AEAE trisect ∠BAC.\angle BAC. The lengths of BD,BD, DE,DE, and ECEC are 2,2, 3,3, and 6,6, respectively. The length of the shortest side of △ABC\triangle ABC is
2102\sqrt{10}
1111
666\sqrt6
66
根据已知信息无法唯一确定
not uniquely determined by the given information
难度评级:2210
小提示:
设三个相等的角均为 α\alpha,并对适当的子三角形应用角平分线定理
Let the three equal angles be α\alpha, and apply the angle-bisector theorem to a suitable subtriangle
大提示:
在三个相邻三角形中写出 cos⁡α\cos\alpha 的余弦定理表达式,并令它们相等
Equate law-of-cosines expressions for cos⁡α\cos\alpha in the three adjacent triangles
解答:
令 AB=cAB=c、AD=yAD=y、AC=bAC=b、AE=zAE=z。由于 ADAD 平分 ∠BAE\angle BAE,且 AEAE 平分 ∠DAC\angle DAC,角平分线定理给出 cz=23,yb=36, \frac{c}{z}=\frac{2}{3},\qquad \frac{y}{b}=\frac{3}{6}\text{,}所以 z=3c2z=\frac{3c}{2},且 b=2yb=2y。分别对三角形 ADBADB、ADEADE 和 AECAEC 应用余弦定理,并令它们共有的 cos⁡α\cos\alpha 值相等,得到 3c2−2y2=12,9c2−8y2=−72。 \begin{gathered} 3c^2-2y^2=12,\\ 9c^2-8y^2=-72 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此 y2=54y^2=54,且 c2=40c^2=40。三边分别为 AB=210AB=2\sqrt{10}、BC=11BC=11、AC=254=66AC=2\sqrt{54}=6\sqrt6,所以最短边为 2102\sqrt{10}。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let AB=c,AB=c, AD=y,AD=y, AC=b,AC=b, and AE=z.AE=z. Since ADAD bisects ∠BAE,\angle BAE, and AEAE bisects ∠DAC,\angle DAC, the angle-bisector theorem gives cz=23,yb=36, \frac{c}{z}=\frac{2}{3},\qquad \frac{y}{b}=\frac{3}{6}, so z=3c2z=\frac{3c}{2} and b=2y.b=2y. Applying the law of cosines to triangles ADB,ADB, ADE,ADE, and AECAEC and equating their common cos⁡α\cos\alpha values gives 3c2−2y2=12,9c2−8y2=−72. \begin{gathered} 3c^2-2y^2=12,\\ 9c^2-8y^2=-72. \end{gathered} Hence y2=54y^2=54 and c2=40.c^2=40. The sides are AB=210,AB=2\sqrt{10}, BC=11,BC=11, and AC=254=66,AC=2\sqrt{54}=6\sqrt6, so the shortest is 210.2\sqrt{10}.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.

26.

爱丽丝、鲍勃和卡萝尔轮流反复掷一个骰子。爱丽丝先掷;爱丽丝之后总是轮到鲍勃;鲍勃之后总是轮到卡萝尔;卡萝尔之后总是轮到爱丽丝。求卡萝尔第一个掷出六点的概率。(每次掷出六点的概率为 16\frac16,且与其他任何一次投掷的结果相互独立。)
Alice, Bob, and Carol repeatedly take turns tossing a die. Alice begins; Bob always follows Alice; Carol always follows Bob; and Alice always follows Carol. Find the probability that Carol will be the first one to toss a six. (The probability of obtaining a six on any toss is 16,\frac16, independent of the outcome of any other toss.)
13\frac13
29\frac29
518\frac5{18}
2591\frac{25}{91}
3691\frac{36}{91}
难度评级:1680
小提示:
要让卡萝尔在某一轮获胜,爱丽丝和鲍勃必须先失败,然后卡萝尔成功
For Carol to win in a given round, Alice and Bob must fail before Carol succeeds
大提示:
如果三人都失败,则过程以相同的概率重新开始
If all three fail, the process restarts with the same probabilities
解答:
卡萝尔在第一轮获胜的概率为 (56)2(16)=25216(\frac{5}{6})^2(\frac{1}{6})=\frac{25}{216}。完整一轮都没有出现六点的概率为 (56)3=125216(\frac{5}{6})^3=\frac{125}{216}。因此所求的等比级数为 252161−125216=2591。 \frac{\frac{25}{216}}{1-\frac{125}{216}} =\frac{25}{91}\text{。}
所以正确答案是 D。
Carol wins in the first round with probability (56)2(16)=25216.(\frac{5}{6})^2(\frac{1}{6})=\frac{25}{216}. A complete round with no six has probability (56)3=125216.(\frac{5}{6})^3=\frac{125}{216}. Therefore the desired geometric series is 252161−125216=2591. \frac{\frac{25}{216}}{1-\frac{125}{216}} =\frac{25}{91}.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

27.

在附图中,三角形 ABCABC 内接于一个圆。点 DD 位于 AC⌢\overset{\frown}{AC} 上,且 DC⌢=30∘\overset{\frown}{DC}=30^\circ;点 GG 位于 BA⌢\overset{\frown}{BA} 上,且 BG⌢>GA⌢\overset{\frown}{BG}\gt\overset{\frown}{GA}。边 ABAB 和 ACAC 的长度都等于弦 DGDG 的长度,并且 ∠CAB=30∘\angle CAB=30^\circ。弦 DGDG 与边 ACAC 和 ABAB 分别相交于 EE 和 FF。△AFE\triangle AFE 的面积与 △ABC\triangle ABC 的面积之比为
In the adjoining figure triangle ABCABC is inscribed in a circle. Point DD lies on AC⌢\overset{\frown}{AC} with DC⌢=30∘,\overset{\frown}{DC}=30^\circ, and point GG lies on BA⌢\overset{\frown}{BA} with BG⌢>GA⌢.\overset{\frown}{BG}\gt\overset{\frown}{GA}. Side ABAB and side ACAC each have length equal to the length of chord DG,DG, and ∠CAB=30∘.\angle CAB=30^\circ. Chord DGDG intersects sides ACAC and ABAB at EE and F,F, respectively. The ratio of the area of △AFE\triangle AFE to the area of △ABC\triangle ABC is
2−33\frac{2-\sqrt3}{3}
23−33\frac{2\sqrt3-3}{3}
73−127\sqrt3-12
33−53\sqrt3-5
9−533\frac{9-5\sqrt3}{3}
知识点:弧弦面积比
难度评级:2260
小提示:
利用等弦找出相应的等弧和等腰三角形
Use equal chords to identify the relevant equal arcs and isosceles triangles
大提示:
令 AB=AC=DG=1AB=AC=DG=1,求 AEAE 时利用一个 30∘30^\circ-60∘60^\circ-90∘90^\circ 三角形
Normalize AB=AC=DG=1AB=AC=DG=1 and find AEAE from a 30∘30^\circ-60∘60^\circ-90∘90^\circ triangle
解答:
缩放使 AB=AC=DG=1AB=AC=DG=1。等弦对应的弧相等,由此可知三角形 DECDEC 是 30∘30^\circ-60∘60^\circ-90∘90^\circ 三角形,并且 AE=DEAE=DE。令 AE=DE=xAE=DE=x。则 CE=1−x=2x3CE=1-x=\frac{2x}{\sqrt3},所以 x=23−3x=2\sqrt3-3。等弦还给出 AF=FG=EF=1−x2AF=FG=EF=\frac{1-x}{2}。因此 [AFE][ABC]=x(1−x)2=73−12。 \begin{aligned} \frac{[AFE]}{[ABC]} &=\frac{x(1-x)}2\\ &=7\sqrt3-12 \end{aligned}\text{。}
所以正确答案是 C。
Scale so AB=AC=DG=1.AB=AC=DG=1. The equal-chord arc relations show that triangle DECDEC is 30∘30^\circ-60∘60^\circ-90∘90^\circ and AE=DE.AE=DE. Put AE=DE=x.AE=DE=x. Then CE=1−x=2x3,CE=1-x=\frac{2x}{\sqrt3}, so x=23−3.x=2\sqrt3-3. Equal chords also give AF=FG=EF=1−x2.AF=FG=EF=\frac{1-x}{2}. Hence [AFE][ABC]=x(1−x)2=73−12. \begin{aligned} \frac{[AFE]}{[ABC]} &=\frac{x(1-x)}2\\ &=7\sqrt3-12. \end{aligned}
Therefore, the correct answer is C.

28.

考虑所有形如 x3+a2x2+a1x+a0=0x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0=0 的方程,其中 a2a_2、a1a_1、a0a_0 都是实常数,并且 ∣ai∣≤2|a_i|\le2,其中 i=0i=0、11、22。令 rr 为至少满足其中一个方程的最大正实数。则
Consider the set of all equations x3+a2x2+a1x+a0=0,x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0=0, where a2,a_2, a1,a_1, a0a_0 are real constants and ∣ai∣≤2|a_i|\le2 for i=0,i=0, 1,1, 2.2. Let rr be the largest positive real number which satisfies at least one of these equations. Then
1≤r<321\le r\lt\frac32
32≤r<2\frac32\le r\lt2
2≤r<522\le r\lt\frac52
52≤r<3\frac52\le r\lt3
3≤r<723\le r\lt\frac72
难度评级:2210
小提示:
对于正数 xx,要把根尽量向右推,各系数应取到其下界
For positive x,x, the coefficients that push a root farthest right take their lower bounds
大提示:
用两个相邻选项的端点夹住 x3−2x2−2x−2x^3-2x^2-2x-2 的最大根
Bracket the largest root of x3−2x2−2x−2x^3-2x^2-2x-2 at two consecutive choice endpoints
解答:
将一个允许的多项式记为 gg。当 x≥0x\ge0 时,g(x)=x3+a2x2+a1x+a0≥f(x), \begin{aligned} g(x)&=x^3+a_2x^2\\ &\quad+a_1x+a_0\\ &\ge f(x) \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 f(x)=x3−2x2−2x−2f(x)=x^3-2x^2-2x-2。因此,任何正根都不会超过最大根 ρ\rho(即 ff 的最大根)。取 a2=a1=a0=−2a_2=a_1=a_0=-2 时 g=fg=f,所以 ρ\rho 本身可以取到。由于 f(52)=−318<0,f(3)=1>0, \begin{gathered} f\left(\frac52\right)=-\frac{31}{8}\lt0,\\ f(3)=1\gt0 \end{gathered}\text{,}可得 52<ρ<3\frac{5}{2}\lt\rho\lt3。
所以正确答案是 D。
Write an allowed polynomial as g.g. For x≥0,x\ge0, g(x)=x3+a2x2+a1x+a0≥f(x), \begin{aligned} g(x)&=x^3+a_2x^2\\ &\quad+a_1x+a_0\\ &\ge f(x), \end{aligned} where f(x)=x3−2x2−2x−2.f(x)=x^3-2x^2-2x-2. Thus no positive root can exceed the largest root ρ\rho of f.f. Taking a2=a1=a0=−2a_2=a_1=a_0=-2 gives g=f,g=f, so ρ\rho itself is attained. Since f(52)=−318<0,f(3)=1>0, \begin{gathered} f\left(\frac52\right)=-\frac{31}{8}\lt0,\\ f(3)=1\gt0, \end{gathered} we have 52<ρ<3.\frac{5}{2}\lt\rho\lt3.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

29.

若 a>1a\gt1,则方程 a−a+x=x \sqrt{a-\sqrt{a+x}}=x 的所有实数解之和等于
If a>1,a\gt1, then the sum of the real solutions of a−a+x=x \sqrt{a-\sqrt{a+x}}=x is equal to
a−1\sqrt a-1
a−12\frac{\sqrt a-1}{2}
a−1\sqrt{a-1}
a−12\frac{\sqrt{a-1}}2
4a−3−12\frac{\sqrt{4a-3}-1}{2}
难度评级:2040
小提示:
主值平方根迫使 x≥0x\ge0
The principal square root forces x≥0x\ge0
大提示:
平方一次后,分解一个含有 a+x−x\sqrt{a+x}-x 的差
After one squaring, factor a difference involving a+x−x\sqrt{a+x}-x
解答:
由于 x≥0x\ge0,平方一次得到 a−a+x=x2a-\sqrt{a+x}=x^2。令 y=a+xy=\sqrt{a+x}。则 y=a−x2y=a-x^2,且 a=y2−xa=y^2-x,所以 0=(y+x)(y−x−1)。 0=(y+x)(y-x-1)\text{。}由于 y+x>0y+x\gt0,可得 y=x+1y=x+1,即 a+x=x+1\sqrt{a+x}=x+1。因此 a+x=x2+2x+1a+x=x^2+2x+1,且 x2+x+1−a=0。 x^2+x+1-a=0\text{。}唯一的非负根为 x=4a−3−12x=\frac{\sqrt{4a-3}-1}{2},并且它满足原方程。因此它也就是所有实数解之和。
所以正确答案是 E。
Since x≥0,x\ge0, squaring once gives a−a+x=x2.a-\sqrt{a+x}=x^2. Let y=a+x.y=\sqrt{a+x}. Then y=a−x2y=a-x^2 and a=y2−x,a=y^2-x, so 0=(y+x)(y−x−1). 0=(y+x)(y-x-1). Since y+x>0,y+x\gt0, we have y=x+1,y=x+1, or a+x=x+1.\sqrt{a+x}=x+1. Therefore a+x=x2+2x+1a+x=x^2+2x+1 and x2+x+1−a=0. x^2+x+1-a=0. The only nonnegative root is x=4a−3−12,x=\frac{\sqrt{4a-3}-1}{2}, and it satisfies the original equation. It is therefore also the sum of all real solutions.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.

30.

若 aa、bb、cc、dd 是方程 x4−bx−3=0x^4-bx-3=0 的解,则一个以 a+b+cd2,a+b+dc2,a+c+db2,b+c+da2 \begin{gathered} \frac{a+b+c}{d^2},\quad \frac{a+b+d}{c^2},\\ \frac{a+c+d}{b^2},\quad \frac{b+c+d}{a^2} \end{gathered} 为全部解的方程是
If a,a, b,b, c,c, dd are the solutions of the equation x4−bx−3=0,x^4-bx-3=0, then an equation whose solutions are a+b+cd2,a+b+dc2,a+c+db2,b+c+da2 \begin{gathered} \frac{a+b+c}{d^2},\quad \frac{a+b+d}{c^2},\\ \frac{a+c+d}{b^2},\quad \frac{b+c+d}{a^2} \end{gathered} is
3x4+bx+1=03x^4+bx+1=0
3x4−bx+1=03x^4-bx+1=0
3x4+bx3−1=03x^4+bx^3-1=0
3x4−bx3−1=03x^4-bx^3-1=0
以上都不是
none of these
难度评级:2170
小提示:
利用缺少三次项这一点求 a+b+c+da+b+c+d
Use the missing cubic term to find a+b+c+da+b+c+d
大提示:
所列的每个表达式都会变成一个原方程根的负倒数
Each listed expression becomes the negative reciprocal of one original root
解答:
韦达定理给出 a+b+c+d=0a+b+c+d=0。例如,a+b+cd2=−1d, \frac{a+b+c}{d^2}=-\frac1d\text{,}类似地,新方程的根为 −1a-\frac{1}{a}、−1b-\frac{1}{b}、−1c-\frac{1}{c}、−1d-\frac{1}{d}。令 x=−1rx=-\frac{1}{r},并代入 r4−br−3=0r^4-br-3=0。两边乘以 x4x^4,得到 1+bx3−3x4=01+bx^3-3x^4=0,即 3x4−bx3−1=0。 3x^4-bx^3-1=0\text{。}
所以正确答案是 D。
Vieta’s formulas give a+b+c+d=0.a+b+c+d=0. Thus, for example, a+b+cd2=−1d, \frac{a+b+c}{d^2}=-\frac1d, and similarly the new roots are −1a,-\frac{1}{a}, −1b,-\frac{1}{b}, −1c,-\frac{1}{c}, −1d.-\frac{1}{d}. Put x=−1rx=-\frac{1}{r} in r4−br−3=0.r^4-br-3=0. Multiplying by x4x^4 gives 1+bx3−3x4=0,1+bx^3-3x^4=0, or 3x4−bx3−1=0. 3x^4-bx^3-1=0.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
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